Hans Kelsen

Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) was an Austrian jurist. He was born in Prague. At the age of three, his family, of German-speaking, Jewish and middle-class origins, moved to Vienna, where Kelsen pursued his academic studies. In 1906 he was awarded a doctorate in law, even though his lifelong interests were largely concentrated in the humanistic and classical fields (philosophy, literature, logic, but also mathematics and natural science). His passion for knowledge in these areas however clearly exercised an important influence on much of his work throughout his life.

Although Kelsen was resolutely agnostic, he converted to Catholicism in 1905 in an attempt to avoid integration problems. The year 1905 was also notable for the publication of Kelsen's first book, Die Staatslehre des Dante Alighieri. In 1911 Kelsen qualified as a teacher in public law and philosophy of law at the University of Vienna with his first major work, Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre, a 700-page study on the theory of public law. In 1914 he established and edited the Austrian Journal of Public Law (three volumes).

During World War One Kelsen acted as adviser to the military and justice administration as well as having the politically sensitive role of legal adviser to the war minister. In 1918 he became associate professor of law at the University of Vienna, and in 1919 he was made full professor of public and administrative law. The next ten years constituted a highly rewarding and stimulating period of teaching and research. Many of his students became important legal theorists.

The year 1919 was particularly important for Kelsen. Not only did he secure a significant advance in his academic career as the founder and editor of the Journal of Public Law, but he also became an important personality in the history of his country as he was entrusted with the task of drafting of the new Austrian Constitution. In 1921 Kelsen was appointed member of the Austrian Constitutional Court, where he exercised a strong influence over its rulings on many occasions. He was, however, dismissed from the Court in 1930 for political reasons.

The political attacks on Kelsen were so vehement that he decided to move to Cologne. There he taught international law at the university, focusing in particular on a new area - positive international law. Until this point in his academic career he had mainly reflected on the relationship between state law and international law. Above all, he concentrated his attention on the concept of sovereignty. Indeed, his Cologne experience proved to be highly beneficial for his future international courses in Geneva, Prague and the United States. In 1931 he published Wer soll der Hüter der Verfassung sein?, a reply to Carl Schmitt, and in 1932 he delivered his second series of lectures in The Hague (the first took place in 1926).

However, when the Nazis seized power in 1933 the situation at the University of Cologne changed rapidly, with the result that Kelsen was removed. Together with his wife and two daughters, he left for Geneva in autumn 1933 to start a new academic career at the Institut Universitaire des Hautes Etudes International. Concentrating largely on international law, Kelsen held courses and wrote on themes such as the transformation of international law into state law, the revision of the Covenant of the League of Nations and customary law. In 1934 he published a study in both French and German on legal technique in international law and the legal process. Also in 1934 his prodigious Reine Rechtslehre appeared, which contained a substantial part of his theory of international law. In addition to his courses in Geneva, Kelsen taught international law at the University of Prague. But again he was forced to resign for political reasons.

The beginning of the Second World War and his conviction that Switzerland would be involved in the conflict motivated Kelsen's decision to leave in 1940 for the United States. Once again, the hurdles he was compelled to cross in settling into a new environment were by no means insignificant. Just on 60 years of age, with a poor knowledge of English, with no certainty regarding his career or his future, Kelsen embarked on yet another new life.

In 1940-1942, Kelsen, as research associate, delivered lectures at Harvard Law School (the renowned Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures published in 1942 as Law and Peace in International Relations). In 1942, with the support of the famous American jurist Roscoe Pound, who considered Kelsen to be one of the leading jurists worldwide, he became visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, in the Department of Political Science. For the period 1945-1952 he was full professor. He also became an American citizen this same year. At Berkeley Kelsen finally found a calm environment conducive to his intense and productive activities, largely focused on his teaching in international law. In 1944-1945 the themes covered in his lectures included the origins of legal institutions, obligatorische Gerichtsbarkeit, collective and individual responsibility, the international legal statute of Germany, the principle of sovereign equality, and a comparison of the Covenant of the League of Nations and the Charter of the United Nations. He also published prolifically during this period, including Peace through Law (1944) and the General Theory of Law and State (1945). In 1945 he became legal adviser to the United Nations War Crimes Commission in Washington, with the task of preparing the legal and technical aspects of the Nuremberg trial.

During this period Kelsen also devoted considerable attention to issues relating to the maintenance of peace and international cooperation, especially in relation to the Charter of the United Nations. He wrote several studies on the Security Council, examining questions of membership, organization and the legal status in general, sanctions and the functions of the Organization. This research culminated in the publication of The Law of the United Nations in 1950. This major publication, extending to more than 900 pages, was reprinted several times until 1966. Although considered outdated in many respects today, this work was so successful at the time that it was cited and quoted in practically all the literature bearing on the Charter. In 1951 Kelsen held courses on international organizations in Seattle and on 25 April 1952 he retired from his teaching duties.

Kelsen remained highly active and productive, even after his retirement. In 1952, for instance, he published his seminal work, Principles of International Law, a systematic study of the most important aspects of international law, including international delicts and sanctions, reprisals, the spheres of validity and the essential function of international law, creation and application of international law and national law. He also continued to travel all over the world, teaching and giving conferences as visiting professor in Geneva, Newport, The Hague (where he gave his third series of lectures in 1953), Vienna, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Helsinki, Edinburgh and Chicago. He received 11 honorary doctorates (Utrecht, Harvard, Chicago, Mexico, Berkeley, Salamanca, Berlin, Vienna, New York, Paris, Salzburg) and innumerable awards from all corners of the academic world.

Hans Kelsen died in Berkeley in 1973 at the age of 92 years, leaving behind him almost 400 works, legacy of an immensely productive life. Several of these works have been translated into as many as 24 languages. In 1971, to celebrate his 90th birthday, the Austrian government founded the Hans Kelsen Institute in Vienna which houses most of his original writings and is responsible for maintaining this important cultural heritage.

Stamp catalogue

Austria 9 October 1981

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last revised: 4 February 2008